Biological devices and methods of use thereof to produce steviol glycosides

ABSTRACT

Described herein are devices and methods for increasing the production of steviol glycosides, which have industrial and economic value. The steviol glycosides produced by the devices and methods disclosed herein do not require the ultra purification that is common in conventional or commercial methods and do not have a bitter aftertaste, making them better suited as flavor-enhancing additives to food, pharmaceutical, and nutritional supplement products.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The genetic components described herein are referred to by sequence identifier numbers (SEQ ID NO) in a Sequence Listing. The SEQ ID NOs correspond numerically to the sequence identifiers <400>1, <400>2, etc. The Sequence Listing, in written computer readable format (CRF), was filed in electronic form as an ASCII.txt file entitled “930201-1060_Sequence_Listing” created on Mar. 11, 2020 and has 165,728 bytes, and is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

CROSS REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

The genetic components described herein are referred to by sequence identifier numbers (SEQ ID NO). The SEQ ID NOs correspond numerically to the sequence identifiers <400>1, <400>2, etc. The Sequence Listing, in written computer readable format (CRF), is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Steviol glycosides are secondary metabolites extracted from the plants Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia phlebophylla, and Rubus chingii. These compounds have been used as non-caloric sweeteners that may be useful in preventing or reducing the prevalence and/or effects of diabetes. Terpenoid or isoprenoid pathways are the main source of steviol glycoside biosynthesis. Various attempts have been made to increase the yield and production of steviol glycosides, including the employment of agronomic practices, plant tissue culture, and microbial expression, but results thus far have not been optimized to correct for the naturally low yields of most secondary metabolites. Furthermore, one of the biggest challenges for production of a high quality stevia-based sweetener incorporating steviol glycosides is the elimination of the bitter aftertaste compared to conventional sucrose-based table sugar.

Common steviol glycosides include stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, dulcoside A. Although these compounds are available in some crops such as, for example, Stevia rebaudiana, it would be desirable to have a new method of producing steviol glycosides on an abbreviated time scale, to generate large quantities of these compounds to be added to food, pharmaceuticals, and nutritional supplements. The new method would, ideally, be inexpensive, would not result in the production of genetically-modified plants, would require fewer organic solvents for extraction than traditional methods, and would result in higher steviol glycoside production using less biomass than traditional methods, thus not requiring agronomic practices and large growing fields. Furthermore, the method would lead to the production of a sweetener without a bitter aftertaste.

SUMMARY

Described herein are devices and methods for increasing the production of steviol glycosides, which have industrial and economic value. The steviol glycosides produced by the devices and methods disclosed herein do not require the ultra purification that is common in conventional or commercial methods and do not have a bitter aftertaste, making them better suited as flavor-enhancing additives to food, pharmaceutical, and nutritional supplement products.

The advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects described below.

FIGS. 1A and 1B show, respectively, a linear and circular schematic of a constructed pYES2 plasmid showing the direction, placement, and size of genetic parts used of an exemplary DNA device described herein.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show, respectively, a linear and circular schematic of a constructed pYES2 plasmid showing the direction, placement, and size of genetic parts used of an exemplary DNA device described herein.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show, respectively, a linear and circular schematic of a constructed pYES2 plasmid showing the direction, placement, and size of genetic parts used of an exemplary DNA device described herein.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show, respectively, a linear and circular schematic of a constructed pYES2 plasmid showing the direction, placement, and size of genetic parts used of an exemplary DNA device described herein.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show, respectively, a linear and circular schematic of a constructed pYES2 plasmid showing the direction, placement, and size of genetic parts used of an exemplary DNA device described herein.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show, respectively, calibration curves obtained from HPLC analysis of rebaudioside A and stevioside.

FIG. 7 shows HPLC chromatograms used in generating calibration curves useful in quantifying stevioside and rebaudioside A. Stevioside has a retention time of 2.527 minutes and rebA has a retention time of 2.410 minutes under the conditions used for these experiments.

FIG. 8 shows chromatograms of extracts produced using the devices and methods disclosed herein.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show close views of the rebaudioside A and stevioside peaks from standard solutions (top chromatograms) and extracts from the devices disclosed herein (bottom chromatograms).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before the present compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific compounds, synthetic methods, or uses, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting.

In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that shall be defined to have the following meanings:

It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a plasmid” includes mixtures of two or more such plasmids, and the like.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase “optionally includes a reporter protein” means that the reporter protein may or may not be present.

As used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the endpoint without affecting the desired result.

Throughout this specification, unless the context dictates otherwise, the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer, step, or group of elements, integers, or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer, step, or group of elements, integers, or steps.

As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of any such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list based solely on its presentation in a common group, without indications to the contrary.

Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed or presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and thus should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range was explicitly recited. As an example, a numerical range of “about 1” to “about 5” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 1 to about 5, but also to include individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 2, 3, and 4, the sub ranges such as from 1-3, from 2-4, from 3-5, etc., as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, individually. The same principle applies to ranges reciting only one numerical value as a minimum or maximum. Furthermore such an interpretation should apply regardless of the breadth or range of the characters being described.

Disclosed are materials and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed compositions and methods. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc., of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combination and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a bacterium is disclosed and discussed and a number of different compatible bacterial plasmids are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of bacterium and bacterial plasmid that is possible is specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. For example, if a class of molecules, A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F, and an example of a combination molecule, A-D, is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B—F, C-D, C-E, and C—F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B—F, and C-E is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. This concept applies to all aspects of this disclosure including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed, it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed.

References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight, of a particular element or component in a composition or article, denote the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight of component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.

A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.

I. DNA Constructs

DNA constructs are provided herein for the production of steviol glycosides. It is understood that one way to define the variants and derivatives of the genetic components and DNA constructs described herein is in terms of homology/identity to specific known sequences. Those of skill in the art readily understand how to determine the homology of two nucleic acids. For example, the homology can be calculated after aligning two sequences so that the homology is at its highest level. Another way of calculating homology can be performed according to published algorithms (see Zuker, M., Science, 244:48-52, 1989; Jaeger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:7706-7710, 1989; Jaeger et al., Methods Enzyol. 183:281-306, 1989, which are herein incorporated by reference for at least material related to nucleic acid alignment).

As used herein, “conservative” mutations are mutations that result in an amino acid change in the protein produced from a sequence of DNA. When a conservative mutation occurs, the new amino acid has similar properties as the wild type amino acid and generally does not drastically change the function or folding of the protein (e.g., switching isoleucine for valine is a conservative mutation since both are small, branched, hydrophobic amino acids). “Silent mutations,” meanwhile, change the nucleic acid sequence of a gene encoding a protein but do not change the amino acid sequence of the protein.

It is understood that the description of mutations and homology can be combined together in any combination, such as embodiments that have at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homology to a particular sequence wherein the variants are conservative or silent mutations. It is understood that any of the sequences described herein can be a variant or derivative having the homology values listed above.

In one aspect, a database such as, for example, GenBank, can be used to determine the sequences of genes and/or regulatory regions of interest, the species from which these elements originate, and related homologous sequences.

In one aspect, provided herein is a DNA construct having the following genetic components:

-   -   (a) a gene that expresses hexokinase;     -   (b) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase         2;     -   (c) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate         synthase;     -   (d) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase;     -   (e) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase;         and     -   (f) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate         decarboxylase.

In one aspect, provided herein is a DNA construct having the following genetic components:

-   -   (a) a gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl         diphosphate reductase;     -   (b) a gene that expresses hexokinase;     -   (c) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein;     -   (d) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate         synthase; and     -   (e) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate         synthase.

In another aspect, provided herein is a DNA construct having the following genetic components:

-   -   (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase;     -   (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase;     -   (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate         dexarboxylase;     -   (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase;     -   (e) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein;     -   (f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate         synthase; and     -   (g) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate         synthase.

In still another aspect, provided herein is a DNA construct having the following genetic components:

-   -   (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase;     -   (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase;     -   (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate         decarboxylase;     -   (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase;     -   (e) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein;     -   (f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate         synthase;     -   (g) a gene that expresses a UDP-glycosyltransferase; and     -   (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate         synthase.

In a further aspect, provided herein is a DNA construct having the following genetic components:

-   -   (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase;     -   (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase;     -   (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate         decarboxylase;     -   (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase;     -   (e) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein;     -   (f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate         synthase;     -   (g) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine         transferase; and     -   (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate         synthase.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a DNA construct having the following genetic components:

-   -   (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase;     -   (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase;     -   (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate         decarboxylase;     -   (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase;     -   (e) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine         transferase;     -   (f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate         synthase;     -   (g) a gene that expresses a UDP glycosyltransferase; and     -   (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate         synthase.

Each component of the DNA construct is described in detail below.

In one aspect, the nucleic acids described herein (e.g., genes that express HDR, hexokinase, a heat shock protein, GGPS, DXS, mevalonate-5-kinase, isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, a UDP glycosyltransferase, and/or an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase) used in the DNA constructs described herein can be amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prior to being ligated into a plasmid or other vector. Typically, PCR-amplification techniques make use of primers, or short, chemically-synthesized oligonucleotides are complementary to regions on each respective strand flanking the DNA or nucleotide sequence to be amplified. A person having ordinary skill in the art will be able to design or choose primers based on the desired experimental conditions. In general, primers should be designed to provide for both efficient and faithful replication of the target nucleic acids. Two primers are required for the amplification of each gene, one for the sense strand (that is, the strand containing the gene of interest) and one for the antisense strand (that is, the strand complementary to the gene of interest). Pairs of primers should have similar melting temperatures that are close to the PCR reaction's annealing temperature. In order to facilitate the PCR reaction, the following features should be avoided in primers: mononucleotide repeats, complementarity with other primers in the mixture, self-complementarity, and internal hairpins and/or loops. Methods of primer design are known in the art; additionally, computer programs exist that can assist the skilled practitioner with primer design. Primers can optionally incorporate restriction enzyme recognition sites at their 5′ ends to assist in later ligation into plasmids or other vectors.

PCR can be carried out using purified DNA, unpurified DNA that is integrated into a vector, or unpurified genomic DNA. The process for amplifying target DNA using PCR consists of introducing an excess of two primers having the characteristics described above to a mixture containing the sequence to be amplified, followed by a series of thermal cycles in the presence of a heat-tolerant or thermophilic DNA polymerase, such as, for example, any of Taq, Pfu, Pwo, Tfl, rTth, Tli, or Tma polymerases. A PCR “cycle” involves denaturation of the DNA through heating, followed by annealing of the primers to the target DNA, followed by extension of the primers using the thermophilic DNA polymerase and a supply of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (i.e., dCTP, dATP, dGTP, and TTP), along with buffers, salts, and other reagents as needed. In one aspect, the DNA segments created by primer extension during the PCR process can serve as templates for additional PCR cycles. Many PCR cycles can be performed to generate a large concentration of target DNA or gene. PCR can optionally be performed in a device or machine with programmable temperature cycles for denaturation, annealing, and extension steps. Further, PCR can be performed on multiple genes simultaneously in the same reaction vessel or microcentrifuge tube since the primers chosen will be specific to selected genes. PCR products can be purified by techniques known in the art such as, for example, gel electrophoresis followed by extraction from the gel using commercial kits and reagents.

In a further aspect, the plasmid can include an origin of replication, allowing it to use the host cell's replication machinery to create copies of itself.

As used herein, “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one affects the function of another. For example, if sequences for multiple genes are inserted into a single plasmid, their expression may be operably linked. Alternatively, a promoter is said to be operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence.

As used herein, “expression” refers to transcription and/or accumulation of an mRNA derived from a gene or DNA fragment. Expression may also be used to refer to translation of mRNA into a peptide, polypeptide, or protein.

In one aspect, the gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR) is isolated from plants such as, for example, plants from the mustard family. In one aspect, the mustard family plant includes Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis lyrata, canola or rapeseed, bok Choy, napa cabbage, rapini, turnip, cabbage, Savoy cabbage, red cabbage, collard greens, kale or ornamental kale, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, broccoli, cauliflower, or broccolini. In another aspect, the plant is wild flax or pink shepherd's purse. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses HDR has SEQ ID NO. 1 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses HDR is isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana and can be found in GenBank with accession number NM 119600.4.

Other sequences expressing HDR or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 HDR Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Arabidopsis thaliana HDR NM_119600.4 Arabidopsis thaliana HDR (IspH) AY168881.1 Arabidopsis thaliana putative protein AY042877.1 Arabidopsis thaliana putative protein AY081454.1 Arabidopsis lyrata HDR XM_002867076.2 Camelina sativa HDR XM_010448794.2 Capsella rubella hypothetical protein XM_006283620.1 Camelina sativa HDR XM_010434124.2 Arabidopsis thaliana hypothetical protein AK317707.1 Rhinolophus sinicus HDR XM_019721323.1 Eutrema salsugineum hypothetical protein XM_006412174.1 Thellungiela halophila hypothetical protein AK352712.1 Lepidium apetalum 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2- (E)-butenyl-4- diphosphate reductase KY366217.1 Raphanus sativus HDR XM_018614540.1 Brassica napus HDR XM_013875339.1 Brassica oleracea HDR XM_013769603.1 Brassica napus HDR XM_013842177.1 Brassica oleracea HDR XM_013744730.1 Brassica rapa HDR XM_009110491.2 Raphanus sativus HDR XM_018596045.1 Brassica rapa HDR XM_009115423.2 Brassica rapa HDR XR_001956406.1 Brassica napus HDR XM_013800732.1 Brassica napus HDR XM_013795568.1 Tarenaya hassleriana HDR XM_010549745.1 Tarenaya hassleriana HDR XM_010528625.2 Arabidopsis thaliana hypothetical protein AK222055.1 Raphanus sativus HDR XM_018592953.1 Brassica rapa LYTB-like protein 1 AF398145.1 Brassica rapa LYTB-like protein 2 AF398146.1 Juglans regia HDR XM_019002578.1 Juglans regia HDR XM_018981403.1 Populus euphratica HDR XM_011001091.1 Populus trichocarpa chloroplast biogenesis XM_002313780.1 family protein Populus trichocarpa HDR EU693025.1 Lonicera hypoglauca HDR (IspH) JX276470.1 Lonicera dasystyla HDR (IspH) JX276469.1 Lonicera japonica HDR (IspH) JX276468.1 Camelina sativa HDR, chloroplast-like XM_010446669.1 Erythranthe guttatus HDR, chloroplast-like XM_012981553.1 Erythranthe guttatus HDR, chloroplast-like XM_012981551.1 Oncidium hybrid cultivar HDR EU908200.1 Isodon rubescens HDR KT948058.1 Arabidopsis thaliana genomic DNA CP002687.1 Arabidopsis thaliana genomic DNA AL161585.2 Arabidopsis thaliana genomic DNA AL035521.1 Arabidopsis thaliana 1-hydroxy-2-methyl- AY883838.1 butenyl 4- diphosphate reductase Phalaenopsis equestris HDR, chloroplast-like XM_020735444.1 Phalaenopsis equestris HDR, chloroplast-like XM_020735443.1 Capsella rubella hypothetical protein XM_006279111.1 Raphanus sativus HDR, chloroplast-like XM_018596046.1 Phalaenopsis equestris HDR, chloroplast-like XM_020735445.1 Camelina sativa genomic DNA HE650122.1 Arabis alpina genomic DNA LT669794.1 Brassica rapa genomic DNA AC189325.2 Brassica napus uncharacterized XR_001280483.1 transcript variant Brassica napus uncharacterized XR_001280482.1 transcript variant Raphanus sativus proliferating cell nuclear XM_018611957.1 antigen 2-like Raphanus sativus proliferating cell nuclear XM_018611956.1 antigen 2-like Brassica oleracea uncharacterized XR_001260293.1 transcript variant Brassica oleracea uncharacterized XR_001260292.1 transcript variant Brassica oleracea uncharacterized XR_001260291.1 transcript variant Brassica oleracea uncharacterized XR_001260290.1 transcript variant Brassica oleracea uncharacterized XM_013728606.1 transcript variant Calothrix sp. 336/3 genomic DNA CP011382.1 Oncidium hybrid cultivar HDR EU908201.1

In one aspect, the gene that expresses hexokinase is isolated from a microorganism. In a further aspect, the microorganism is a fungus. In one aspect, the fungus is a yeast such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses hexokinase has SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect the gene that expresses hexokinase is isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and can be found in GenBank with GI number M14410.1.

Other sequences expressing hexokinase or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Hexokinase Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase M14410.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP020128.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP014737.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP011552.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase NM_001180018.3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence BK006940.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence D50617.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase DQ332072.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004946.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008547.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008530.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007901.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004902.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004929.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004898.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008462.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004975.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004904.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004903.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004952.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004910.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase JF898945.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008105.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008071.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004909.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004927.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008241.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008292.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008275.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008224.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008411.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008377.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008428.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008581.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008598.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008173.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008156.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008683.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008088.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008020.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007986.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007969.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007952.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007918.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007884.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007867.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004925.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004934.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004913.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004893.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004951.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004890.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004949.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004948.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase CP004940.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase JF898949.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence JF898946.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008258.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008394.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008496.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008445.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008513.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase isoenzyme 1 JF898948.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP020162.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004979.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004919.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004918.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004908.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004917.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004907.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004897.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004916.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004906.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004896.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008326.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008309.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008360.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008343.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008479.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008564.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008666.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008649.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008615.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008122.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008054.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP008037.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007935.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007850.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007816.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004915.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004905.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004944.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004914.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004963.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004923.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004932.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004922.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004972.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP004931.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence CP007833.1

In one aspect, the gene that expresses a heat shock protein is isolated from a microorganism. In a further aspect, the microorganism is a fungus such as, for example, yeast. In a still further aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses a heat shock protein has SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses a heat shock protein is isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and can be found in GenBank with GI number X13713.

Other sequences expressing a heat shock protein or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Heat Shock Protein Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP020126.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004710.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP011550.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence BK006938.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 NM_001180289.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence FN393064.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence Z74277.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae heat shock cognate gene X13713.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence EF058944.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP020228.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP020160.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004738.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004688.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004678.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004727.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004717.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004687.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004667.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004746.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004716.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004676.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008239.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008324.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008273.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008256.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008222.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008409.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008392.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008375.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008358.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008341.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008494.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008443.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008579.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008511.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008647.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008630.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008596.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008188.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008171.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008154.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008681.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008137.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008120.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008086.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008052.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008035.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008001.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007984.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007950.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007899.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007882.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007831.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004745.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004684.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004743.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004713.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004692.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004742.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004722.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004672.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004701.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004681.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004690.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004670.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP011082.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004729.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 M25395.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP020211.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004748.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004697.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004677.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004726.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004706.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008307.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008290.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008477.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008460.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008426.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008562.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008664.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008613.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008103.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008069.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008018.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007967.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007933.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007916.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007865.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007848.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP007814.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004695.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004675.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004744.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004724.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004714.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004704.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004674.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP004733.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV sequence CP008205.1

In one aspect, the gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS) is isolated from plants such as, for example, plants from the mustard family. In one aspect, the mustard family plant includes Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis lyrata, canola or rapeseed, bok choy, napa cabbage, rapini, turnip, cabbage, Savoy cabbage, red cabbage, collard greens, kale or ornamental kale, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, broccoli, cauliflower, or broccolini. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses GGPS has SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses GGPS is isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana and can be found in GenBank with GI number NM 127943.3.

Other sequences expressing GGPS or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase-2 Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS2 NM_127943.3 Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 2 sequence CP002685.1 Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 2 sequence AC004482.3 Arabidopsis thaliana unknown protein BT005328.1 Arabidopsis thaliana putative GGPS2 AK117954.1 Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS2 FJ172354.1 Arabidopsis thaliana unknown protein AY087521.1 Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS2 D85029.1 Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS2 U44876.1 Arabidopsis lyrata GGPS2 XM_002880482.2 Eutrema salsugineum hypothetical protein XM_006404803.1 Capsella rubella hypothetical protein XM_006296117.1 Arabis alpina chromosome 6 sequence LT669793.1 Camelina sativa GGPS2 XM_010418822.2 Camelina sativa GGPS2 XM_010474073.2 Camelina sativa GGPS2 XM_010431032.2 Brassica oleracea GGPS2 XM_013750159.1 Brassica napus GGPS2 XM_013855022.1 Brassica napus GGPS2 XM_013888379.1 Brassica napus GGPS2 XM_013808643.1 Brassica rapa GGPS2 XM_009119018.2 Brassica napus GGPS2 XM_013891548.1 Brassica napus GGPS2 XM_013888378.1 Raphanus sativus GGPS2 XM_018582098.1 Brassica oleracea GGPS2 XM_013775753.1 Brassica rapa GGPS2 XM_018658479.1 Raphanus sativus GGPS2 XM_018577514.1 Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS2 NM_127420.2 Arabidopsis thaliana unknown protein DQ653000.1 Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS2/GGPP DQ446521.1 synthetase/ farnesyltranstransferase Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 2 sequence AC006135.3 Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 2 sequence AC005724.3 Eutrema salsugineum hypothetical protein XM_006409066.1 Eutrema salsugineum hypothetical protein XM_006411896.1 Arabidopsis lyrata GGPS7 XM_021033265.1 Arabidopsis thaliana terpenoid synthase NM_127418.2 superfamily Arabidopsis thaliana unknown protein DQ652999.1 Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS2/GGPP DQ446520.1 synthetase/ farnesyltranstransferase Leucosceptrum canum GGPS4 KT312960.1 Leucosceptrum canum GGPS5 KT312961.1 Vigna radiata GGPS7 XM_014665620.1 Sesamum indicum GGPS7 XM_011099148.2 Jatropha curcas GGPS XM_012223700.2 Populus trichocarpa GGPS2 family protein XM_006383273.1 Populus euphratica GGPS XM_011023075.1

In one aspect, the gene that expresses steviol synthase or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is isolated from a plant. In a further aspect, the plant can be Stevia rebaudiana, Russian dandelion, castor bean, wild tomato, Japanese morning glory, garden tomato, potato, or cacao. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses steviol synthase or DXS has SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses DXS is isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana and can be found in GenBank with GI number AEE76517.1.

Other sequences expressing steviol synthase or DXS or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Steviol Synthase or DXS Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Stevia rebaudiana DXS FJ214107.1 Stevia rebaudiana DXS AJ429232.2 Stevia rebaudiana DXS 4 KT276232.1 Taraxacum kok-saghyz DXS 1 KT899414.1 Ricinus communis probable DXS 2 XM_002532338.2 Lycopersicon hirsutum putative DXS 2 AY687353.1 Ipomoea nil probable DXS 2 XM_019327463.1 Ipomoea nil probable DXS 2 XM_019327462.1 Solanum lycopersicum DXS 2 NM_001345870.1 Solanum pennellii probable DXS 2 XM_015203416.1 Stevia rebaudiana DXS-like protein AY723732.1 Solanum tuberosum probable DXS 2 XM_006353091.2 Tripterygium wilfordii DXS 2 KM879186.1 Populus euphratica probable DXS 2 XM_011012876.1 Gossypium hirsutum probable DXS 2 XM_016898289.1 Gossypium arboreum probable DXS 2 XM_017779849.1 Populys trichocarpa hypothetical protein XM_006380518.1 Gossypium hirsutum DXS 2 XM_016898290.1 Theobroma cacao DXS 2 XM_018114317.1 Herrania umbratica DXS 2 XM_021418780.1 Herrania umbratica DXS 2 XM_021444875.1 Theobroma cacao genomic DNA LT594788.1 Solanum pennellii genomic DNA HG975450.1 Solanum lycopersicum genomic DNA HG975523.1 Solanum lycopersicum DXS 2 FN424052.1

DXP synthase, or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (also abbreviated DOXP synthase or DXS) uses glycolytic pathway intermediates pyruvic acid and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate to generate 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate. It is an enzyme on the non-mevalonate pathway (also known as the mevalonate-independent pathway), which is an alternative metabolic pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In one aspect, DXS expressed by a gene in the DNA constructs described herein catalyzes the formation of precursor molecules to steviol glycosides.

In one aspect, the steviol glycosides are produced herein using starting materials from the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In an alternative aspect, the starting materials for steviol glycoside biosynthesis used herein are generated via the mevalonate pathway. In still another aspect, the starting materials for steviol glycoside biosynthesis are generated from both the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways.

In one aspect, the gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase is isolated from a microorganism. In another aspect, the microorganism is a fungus such as, for example, a yeast. In still another aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase has SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase is isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and can be found in GenBank with accession number NC_001145.3.

Other sequences expressing mevalonate-5-kinase or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Mevalonate-5-Kinase Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP020203.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP020135.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005469.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008027.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP007874.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005464.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005453.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005482.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005472.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005411.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005450.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence LN907796.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP011559.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005456.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005455.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence BK006946.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence Z49809.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae putative RAR1 gene X06114.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mevalonate kinase X55875.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mevalonate kinase NM_001182715.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP014728.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005426.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005406.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005463.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome X sequence CP005403.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP020234.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP020220.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005439.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005458.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005438.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005408.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005407.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005415.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005394.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005442.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005441.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005470.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005476.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005466.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005440.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP011822.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP009953.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP020186.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP020152.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005479.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005429.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005419.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005418.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005398.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005467.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005417.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005475.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005435.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005425.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005395.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008316.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008299.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008282.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008418.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008384.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008503.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008486.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008469.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008452.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008435.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008571.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008673.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008656.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008622.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008214.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008180.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008690.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008146.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008112.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP008095.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP007993.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP007942.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP007857.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP007823.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005474.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005454.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005444.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005434.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005424.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005404.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005483.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005473.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005443.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005433.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005423.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005393.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005452.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005422.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005402.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005461.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005451.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005421.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005430.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005420.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII sequence CP005410.2

In one aspect, the gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase is isolated from bacteria. In another aspect, the bacteria are from the genus Bacillus. In still another aspect, the bacteria are B. thuringiensis, B. anthraces, or B. cereus. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase has SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase is isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian str. 97-27 and can be found in GenBank with GI number NC_005957.1.

Other sequences expressing isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Isomerase Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP010088.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA AE017355.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP022044.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP019726.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP019588.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP018903.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP001974.2 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP001970.2 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012728.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012727.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012726.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012725.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012724.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012723.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012722.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012721.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012720.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012730.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012729.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP015779.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP014179.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP012519.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA AP014833.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP010852.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP010322.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009981.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009902.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009598.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009700.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009544.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009541.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009697.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009476.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009464.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009341.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009328.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009331.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009325.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP009315.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP010813.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP010792.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP010342.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP008854.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP008853.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP008752.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP007666.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP007704.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP007618.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP008846.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP006742.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP002091.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP001598.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA CP001215.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA AE017334.2 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA AE017225.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA AE016879.1 Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA EF040345.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP018935.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP018933.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP018931.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009605.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP009720.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009596.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP009335.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP001283.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009968.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP000001.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009318.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP001407.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009641.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP009600.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009300.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP003187.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP000485.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP020723.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA AP007209.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP000227.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP001177.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP001746.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP015589.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009628.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009369.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP020937.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP013000.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009590.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP009941.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP016316.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP008712.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA AE017194.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP002508.1 Bacillus sp. ABP14 genomic DNA CP017016.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP003747.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP016595.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP019230.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP011153.1 Bacillus cereus genomic DNA CP011151.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP010106.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP005935.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP022345.1 Bacillus thuringiensis genomic DNA CP020002.1

In one aspect, the gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase is isolated from bacteria. In another aspect, the bacteria are from the genus Lactobacillus. In still another aspect, the bacteria are L. paracasei or L. casei. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase has SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase is isolated from Lactobacillus paracasei and can be found in GenBank with accession number NC_008526.1.

Other sequences expressing mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Mevalonate Pyrophosphate Decarboxylase Genes Sequence Source Organism Description GI Number Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA AP012541.1 Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA CP000423.1 Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA CP014985.1 Lactobacillus casei genomic DNA CP006690.1 Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA CP002391.1 Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA CP012148.1 Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA CP012187.1 Lactobacillus casei genomic DNA CP001084.2 Lactobacillus casei genomic DNA CP005486.1 Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA CP007122.1 Lactobacillus casei genomic DNA HE970764.1 Lactobacillus casei genomic DNA CP002618.1 Lactobacillus casei genomic DNA CP002616.1 Lactobacillus casei genomic DNA FM177140.1 Lactobacillus paracasei genomic DNA CP013921.1

In one aspect, the gene that expresses UDP-glycosyltransferase is isolated from a plant. In another aspect, the plant is Stevia rebaudiana, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), soy (Glycine max), lettuce (Latuca sativa), Gossypia arboreum, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii, durian (Durio zibethinus), orange (Citrus sinensis), Clementine (Citrus clementina), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), grape (Vitis vinifera), carrot (Daucus carota), jujube (Ziziphus jujube), the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), or another common plant. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses UDP-glycosyltransferase has SEQ ID NO. 12 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. In one aspect, the gene that expresses UDP-glycosyltransferase is a UGT76G1 gene. In another aspect, the gene that expresses UDP-glycosyltransferase has one or more point mutations such as, for example, UGT76G1_(His155Leu). In certain aspects, the constructs described herein do not include a gene that expresses UDP-glycosyltransferase.

Other sequences expressing UDP-glycosyltransferase or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 9.

TABLE 9 UDP-Glycosyltransferase Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Artificial sequence UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1 LC037193.1 Stevia rebaudiana UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1 AY345974.1 Stevia rebaudiana UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1 GQ259127.1 Artificial sequence UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1 LC312448.1 Stevia rebaudiana UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1 KC631816.1 Stevia rebaudiana UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G2 FJ607329.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022150658.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022125574.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022150659.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022118153.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022150640.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022150660.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022134635.1 Latuca sativa UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_023907996.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022150662.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022150661.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022150639.1 Latuca sativa UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_023915054.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022118152.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_022118194.1 Glycine max UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_006591734.2 Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C2-like XM_017760523.1 arboreum Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C2-like XM_016892560.1 hirsutum Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C-like XM_012604519.1 raimondii Durio zibethinus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022908528.1 Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_017749892.1 arboreum Citrus sinensis UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_006486381.2 Citrus clementina UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_024185466.1 Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_012597527.1 raimondii Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_012619927.1 raimondii glucosyltransferase-like Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022157833.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022157832.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022157831.1 Cajanus cajan UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_020349146.1 Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_016889699.1 hirsutum Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_016889698.1 hirsutum Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_016852910.1 hirsutum Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_016852909.1 hirsutum Populus UDP-glucuronsyl/glucosyl XM_002314105.1 trichocarpa transferase family protein Gossypium UGT2 EF408256.1 hirsutum Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_016876371.1 hirsutum Hevea brasiliensis UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_021819870.1 Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_017791593.1 arboreum glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_016889700.1 arboreum glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_016862869.1 hirsutum glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_012588601.1 raimondii glucosyltransferase-like Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022159431.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022157847.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022157834.1 Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_016886796.1 hirsutum Durio zibethinus UDP-glucose iridoid XM_022875537.1 glucosyltransferase-like Durio zibethinus UDP-glucose iridoid XM_022875536.1 glucosyltransferase-like Vitis vinifera UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C4 XM_002281288.4 Vitis vinifera UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C4 XM_010660195.2 Daucus carota UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C2-like XM_017378693.1 Ziziphus jujube UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_016021850.1 Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_016829458.1 hirsutum glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_016829457.1 hirsutum glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_016829456.1 hirsutum glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_016829455.1 hirsutum glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_012588600.1 raimondii glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_012588598.1 raimondii glucosyltransferase-like Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_012619941.1 raimondii Gossypium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_012619935.1 raimondii Phaseolus vulgaris hypothetical protein XM_007163430.1 Lobelia erinus putative glycosyltransferase AB221004.1 Lobelia erinus putative glycosyltransferase AB221003.1 Lobelia erinus putative glycosyltransferase AB221002.1 Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid NM_001327324.1 hirsutum glucosyltransferase-like Quercus suber UDP-glucose iridoid XM_024028747.1 glucosyltransferase-like Arachis ipaensis UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_016327036.2 Arachis ipaensis UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_016326974.2 Arachis ipaensis UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_016326973.2 Theobroma cacao UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1 XM_018128673.1 Theobroma cacao genomic DNA LT594797.1 Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_016896239.1 hirsutum glucosyltransferase-like Populus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_011033910.1 euphratica Populus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_011033908.1 euphratica Medicago UDP-glucosyltransferase family XM_003600767.2 truncatula protein Medicago genomic DNA AC229719.7 truncatula Medicago genomic DNA CT963078.4 truncatula Quercus suber genomic DNA XM_024015698.1 Daucus carota UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1-like XM_017401080.1 Vigna radiata UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1 XM_014640261.2 Populus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C2-like XM_011037728.1 euphratica Lobelia erinus putative glycosyltransferase AB220999.1 Latuca sativa UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_023907991.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022125894.1 Helianthus annuus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_022118156.1 Manihot esculenta UDP-glucose iridoid XM_021743560.1 glucosyltransferase-like Manihot esculenta UDP-glucose iridoid XM_021736119.1 glucosyltransferase-like Jatropha curcas UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1 XM_012232803.2 Latuca sativa UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_023907995.1 Latuca sativa UDP-glycosyltransferase 76B1-like XM_023907994.1 Prunus avium UDP-glycosyltransferase 76E2-like XM_021973128.1 Gossypium UDP-glucose iridoid XM_012586838.1 raimondii glucosyltransferase-like Populus UDP-glycosyltransferase 76F1-like XM_011037730.1 euphratica Lobelia erinus putative glycosyltransferase AB221001.1 Lobelia erinus putative glycosyltransferase AB221000.1

In one aspect, the gene that expresses O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) is isolated from an animal. In another aspect, the animal is a mammal such as, for example, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, domestic cow, domestic sheep, domestic cat or dog, water buffalo, domestic yak, olive baboon, chimpanzee, human, bonobo, gorilla, polar bear, sooty mangabey, drill, giant panda, Angola colobus, crab-eating macaque, goat, rhesus macaque, Southern pig-tailed macaque, the domestic horse, or another mammal. In a further aspect, the gene that expresses O-linked acetylglucosmamine transferase has SEQ ID NO. 13 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto.

Other sequences expressing O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase or related or homologous genes can be identified in a database such as, for example, GenBank. In one aspect, sequences useful herein include those with the GI numbers listed in Table 10.

TABLE 10 O-Linked Acetylglucosamine Transferase Genes Source Organism Sequence Description GI Number Ictidomys tridecemilineatus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_021719915.1 Ictidomys tridecemilineatus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005339941.2 Ictidomys tridecemilineatus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005339942.2 Bubalus bubalis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_006050820.1 Bos mutus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005900810.2 Bubalus bubalis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase NM_001290907.1 Bos mutus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005900811.2 Papio anubis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_003917862.3 Bos taurus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005228027.3 Ursus maritimus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_008712243.1 Papio Anubis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_003917863.4 Ursus maritimus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_008712244.1 Bos taurus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase NM_001098070.2 Bos taurus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase BC140542.1 Cercocebus atys O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_012060760.1 Cercocebus atys O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_012060761.1 Mandrillus leucophaeus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_011992070.1 Mandrillus leucophaeus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_011992071.1 Ailuropoda melanoleuca O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_002930577.3 Macaca fascicularis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005593919.1 Colobus angolensis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_011943084.1 Ailuropoda melanoleuca O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_002930576.3 Macaca fascicularis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005593920.2 Capra hircus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_013976396.2 Macaca mulatta O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_015127666.1 Ovis aries O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004022178.3 Ovis aries O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_012142301.2 Macaca nemestrina O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_011732741.1 Colobus angolensis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_011943085.1 Rhinopithecus roxellana O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_010366585.1 Capra hircus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_013976398.2 Marmota marmota UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-peptide N- XR_001502441.1 acetylglucosaminyltransferase pseudogene Macaca mulatta O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_015127667.1 Ovis aries O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004022177.3 Ovis aries O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_012142302.2 Macaca nemestrina O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_011732742.1 Equus caballus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_001493372.5 Canis lupus familiaris O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_844299.5 Rhinopithecus roxellana O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_010366586.1 Chlorocebus sabaeus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_007992035.1 Canis lupus familiaris O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_538075.6 Chlorocebus sabaeus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_007992036.1 Equus caballus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005614262.3 Felis catus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004000621.5 Odocoileus virgianus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_020882917.1 Odocoileus virgianus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_020882916.1 Panthera pardus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_019428710.1 Oryctolagus cuniculus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_002720103.3 Equus caballus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_001493388.5 Fells catus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004000622.5 Odocoileus virgianus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_020882919.1 Odocoileus virgianus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_020882918.1 Panthera pardus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_019428712.1 Oryctolagus cuniculus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_002720102.3 Pongo abelii O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_024240358.1 Gorilla gorilla O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004064365.2 Panthera tigris O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_007089115.2 Callithrix jacchus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_002762977.2 Leptonychotes weddellii O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_006749440.1 Pantholops hodgsonii O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005954790.1 Pongo abelii O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_024240359.1 Gorilla gorilla O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004064366.2 Callithrix jacchus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_002762978.3 Panthera tigris O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_007089116.2 Leptonychotes weddellii O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_006749441.1 Pantholops hodgsonii O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_005954791.1 Pan troglodytes O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_016943032.1 Equus asinus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_014837684.1 Pan paniscus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_003820131.2 Homo sapiens clone AL833085.2 Piliocolobus tephrosceles O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_023201890.1 Pan troglodytes O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_016943033.1 Pan paniscus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_003820132.2 Piliocolobus tephrosceles O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_023201891.1 Equus asinus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_014837686.1 Orycteropus afer O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_007959000.1 Homo sapiens O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase NM_181672.2 Pongo abelii clone NM_001133824.1 Homo sapiens genomic DNA BX537844.1 Homo sapiens O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase BC038180.1 Equus asinus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_014837685.1 Orycteropus afer O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_007959001.1 Homo sapiens O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase NM_181673.2 Homo sapiens O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase BC014434.1 Delphinapterus leucas O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_022560995.1 Lonchura striata O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_021534535.1 Ceratotherium simum O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_014794874.1 Ceratotherium simum O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004439842.2 Microcebus murinus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_012736183.1 Saimiri boliviensis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_003943099.2 Eptesicus fuscus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_008157607.1 Synthetic construct clone DQ896848.2 Synthetic construct clone DQ893623.2 Peromyscus maniculatus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_006981123.2 Peromyscus maniculatus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_015999616.1 Delphinapterus leucas O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_022560996.1 Lonchura striata O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_021534536.1 Ceratotherium simum O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_004439843.2 Microcebus murinus O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_012736184.1 Saimiri boliviensis O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase XM_003943100.2 Homo sapiens O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase EAX05286.1

In another aspect, the DNA construct has the following genetic components: a) a gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, b) a gene that expresses hexokinase, c) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein, d) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, and e) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In an alternative aspect, the DNA construct has the following genetic components: a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, d) a gene that expresses hexokinase, e) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein, f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, and g) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In another aspect, the DNA construct has the following genetic components: a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, d) a gene that expresses hexokinase, e) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein, f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, g) a gene that expresses a UDP glycosyltransferase, and h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In yet another aspect, the DNA construct has the following genetic components: a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, d) a gene that expresses hexokinase, e) a gene that expresses a heat shock protein, f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, g) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase, and h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In still another aspect, the DNA construct has the following genetic components: a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, d) a gene that expresses hexokinase, e) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase, f) a gene that expresses a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, g) a gene that expresses and UDP glycosyltransferase, and h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In another aspect, said construct further includes a) a promoter, b) a terminator or stop sequence, c) a gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic (a “selective marker”), d) a reporter protein, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, the construct includes a regulatory sequence. In a further aspect, the regulatory sequence is already incorporated into a vector such as, for example, a plasmid, prior to genetic manipulation of the vector. In another aspect, the regulatory sequence can be incorporated into the vector through the use of restriction enzymes or any other technique known in the art.

In one aspect, the regulatory sequence is a promoter. The term “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence. In another aspect, the coding sequence to be controlled is located 3′ to the promoter. In another aspect, the promoter is derived from a native gene. In an alternative aspect, the promoter is composed of multiple elements derived from different genes and/or promoters. A promoter can be assembled from elements found in nature, from artificial and/or synthetic elements, or from a combination thereof. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters can direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, at different stages of development, in response to different environmental or physiological conditions, and/or in different species. In one aspect, the promoter functions as a switch to activate the expression of a gene.

In one aspect, the promoter is “constitutive.” A constitutive promoter is a promoter that causes a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times. In another aspect, the promoter is “regulated.” A regulated promoter is a promoter that becomes active in response to a specific stimulus. A promoter may be regulated chemically, such as, for example, in response to the presence or absence of a particular metabolite (e.g., lactose or tryptophan), a metal ion, a molecule secreted by a pathogen, or the like. A promoter also may be regulated physically, such as, for example, in response to heat, cold, water stress, salt stress, oxygen concentration, illumination, wounding, or the like.

Promoters that are useful to drive expression of the nucleotide sequences described herein are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Suitable promoters include, but are not limited to, the following: T3 promoter, T7 promoter, an iron promoter, and GAL1 promoter. In a further aspect, the promoter is a native part of the vector used herein. Variants of these promoters are also contemplated. The skilled artisan will be able to use site-directed mutagenesis and/or other mutagenesis techniques to modify the promoters to promote more efficient function. The promoter may be positioned, for example, from 10-100 nucleotides from a ribosomal binding site.

In one aspect, the promoter is a GAL1 promoter. In another aspect, the GAL1 promoter is native to the plasmid used to create the vector. In another aspect, a GAL1 promoter is positioned before the a gene that expresses hexokinase, the gene that expresses a heat shock protein, the gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2, the gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, the a gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, the gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, the gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, the gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, the gene that expresses a UDP-glycosyltransferase, the gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase, or any combination thereof. In another aspect, the promoter is a GAL1 promoter obtained from or native to the pYES2 plasmid.

In another aspect, the regulatory sequence is a terminator or stop sequence. As used herein, a terminator is a sequence of DNA that marks the end of a gene or operon to be transcribed. In a further aspect, the terminator is an intrinsic terminator or a Rho-dependent transcription terminator. As used herein, an intrinsic terminator is a sequence wherein a hairpin structure can form in the nascent transcript that disrupts the mRNA/DNA/RNA polymerase complex. As used herein, a Rho-dependent transcription terminator requires a Rho factor protein complex to disrupt the mRNA/DNA/RNA polymerase complex. In one aspect, the terminator is a T7 terminator. In an alternative aspect, the terminator is a CYC1 terminator obtained from or native to the pYES2 plasmid.

In a further aspect, the regulatory sequence includes both a promoter and a terminator or stop sequence. In a still further aspect, the regulatory sequence can include multiple promoters or terminators. Other regulatory elements, such as enhancers, are also contemplated. Enhancers may be located from about 1 to about 2000 nucleotides in the 5′ direction from the start codon of the DNA to be transcribed, or may be located 3′ to the DNA to be transcribed. Enhancers may be “cis-acting,” that is, located on the same molecule of DNA as the gene whose expression they affect.

In one aspect, when the vector is a plasmid, the plasmid can also contain a multiple cloning site or polylinker. In a further aspect, the polylinker contains recognition sites for multiple restriction enzymes. The polylinker can contain up to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more than 20 recognition sites for restriction enzymes. Further, restriction sites may be added, disabled, or removed as required, using techniques known in the art. In one aspect, the plasmid contains restriction sites for any known restriction enzyme such as, for example, HindIII, KpnI, SacI, BamHI, BstXI, EcoRI, BasBI, NotI, XhoI, SphI, XbaI, ApaI, SalI, ClaI, EcoRV, PstI, SmaI, XmaI, SpeI, EagI, SacII, or any combination thereof. In a further aspect, the plasmid contains more than one recognition site for the same restriction enzyme.

In one aspect, the restriction enzyme can cleave DNA at a palindromic or an asymmetrical restriction site. In a further aspect, the restriction enzyme cleaves DNA to leave blunt ends; in an alternative aspect, the restriction enzyme cleaves DNA to leave “sticky” or overhanging ends. In another aspect, the enzyme can cleave DNA to a distance of from 20 bases to over 1000 bases away from the restriction site. A variety of restriction enzymes are commercially available and their recognition sequences, as well as instructions for use (e.g., amount of DNA needed, precise volumes or reagents, purification techniques, as well as information about salt concentration, pH, optimum temperature, incubation time, and the like) are provided by enzyme manufacturers.

In one aspect, a plasmid with a polylinker containing one or more restriction sites can be digested with one restriction enzyme and a nucleotide sequence of interest can be ligated into the plasmid using a commercially-available DNA ligase enzyme. Several such enzymes are available, often as kits containing all reagents and instructions required for use. In another aspect, a plasmid with a polylinker containing two or more restriction sites can be simultaneously digested with two restriction enzymes and a nucleotide sequence of interest can be ligated into the plasmid using a DNA ligase enzyme. Using two restriction enzymes provides an asymmetric cut in the DNA, allowing for insertion of a nucleotide sequence of interest in a particular direction and/or on a particular strand of the double-stranded plasmid. Since RNA synthesis from a DNA template proceeds from 5′ to 3′, usually starting just after a promoter, the order and direction of elements inserted into a plasmid can be especially important. If a plasmid is to be simultaneously digested with multiple restriction enzymes, these enzymes must be compatible in terms of buffer, salt concentration, and other incubation parameters.

In some aspects, prior to ligation using a ligase enzyme, a plasmid that has been digested with a restriction enzyme is treated with an alkaline phosphatase enzyme to remove 5′ terminal phosphate groups. This prevents self-ligation of the plasmid and thus facilitates ligation of heterologous nucleotide fragments into the plasmid.

In one aspect, different genes can be ligated into a plasmid in one pot. In this aspect, the genes will first be digested with restriction enzymes. In certain aspects, the digestion of genes with restriction enzymes provides multiple pairs of matching 5′ and 3′ overhangs that will spontaneously assemble the genes in the desired order. In another aspect, the genes and components to be incorporated into a plasmid can be assembled into a single insert sequence prior to insertion into the plasmid. In a further aspect, a DNA ligase enzyme can be used to assist in the ligation process.

In another aspect, the ligation mix may be incubated in an electromagnetic chamber. In one aspect, this incubation lasts for about 1 minute, about 2 minutes, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, or about 1 hour.

The DNA construct described herein can be part of a vector. In a further aspect, the vector is a plasmid, a phagemid, a cosmid, a yeast artificial chromosome, a bacterial artificial chromosome, a virus, a phage, or a transposon. In general, plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequences that are derived from species compatible with the host cell are used in connection with the hosts. The vector ordinarily carries a replication site as well as marking sequences that are capable of performing phenotypic selection in transformed cells. Plasmid vectors are well known and are commercially available. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, pWLneo, pSV2cat, pOG44, pXT1, pSG, pSVK3, pBSK, pBR322, pYES, pYES2, pBSKII, pUC, and pUC19 vectors.

Plasmids are double-stranded, autonomously-replicating, genetic elements that are not integrated into host cell chromosomes. Further, these genetic elements are usually not part of the host cell's central metabolism. In bacteria, plasmids may range from 1 kilobase (kb) to over 200 kb. Plasmids can be engineered to encode a number of useful traits including the production of secondary metabolites, antibiotic resistance, the production of useful proteins, degradation of complex molecules and/or environmental toxins, and others. Plasmids have been the subject of much research in the field of genetic engineering, as plasmids are convenient expression vectors for foreign DNA in, for example, microorganisms. Plasmids generally contain regulatory elements such as promoters and terminators and also usually have independent replication origins. Ideally, plasmids will be present in multiple copies per host cell and will contain selectable markers (such as genes for antibiotic resistance) to allow the skilled artisan to select host cells that have been successfully transfected with the plasmids (for example, by growing the host cells in a medium containing the antibiotic).

Vectors capable of high levels of expression of recombinant genes and proteins are well known in the art. Vectors useful for the transformation of a variety of host cells are common and commercially available and include. The skilled practitioner will be able to choose a plasmid based on such factors as a) the amount of nucleic acid (i.e., number of genes and other elements) to be inserted, b) the host organism, c) culture conditions for the host organism, and other related factors.

In one aspect, the vector encodes a selection marker. In a further aspect, the selection marker is a gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic. In certain aspects, during fermentation of host cells transformed with the vector, the cells are contacted with the antibiotic. For example, the antibiotic may be included in the culture medium. Cells that have not been successfully transformed cannot survive in the presence of the antibiotic; only cells containing the vector which confers antibiotic resistance can survive. Optimally, only cells containing the vector to be expressed will be cultured, as this will result in the highest production efficiency of the desired gene products (e.g., peptides). Cells that do not contain the vector would otherwise compete with transformed cells for resources. In one aspect, the antibiotic is tetracycline, neomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, hygromycin, chloramphenicol, amphotericin B, bacitracin, carbapenam, cephalosporin, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, isonizid, methicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, streptomycin, quinolines, rifampin, rifampicin, sulfonamides, cephalothin, erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, penicillin, other commonly-used antibiotics, or a combination thereof.

In certain aspects, the DNA construct can include a gene that expresses a reporter protein. The selection of the reporter protein can vary. For example, the reporter protein can be a yellow fluorescent protein, a red fluorescent protein, a green fluorescent protein, or a cyan fluorescent protein. In one aspect, the reporter protein is a yellow fluorescent protein and the gene that expresses the reporter protein has SEQ ID NO. 9 or at least 70% homology thereto, at least 75% homology thereto, at least 80% homology thereto, at least 85% homology thereto, at least 90% homology thereto, or at least 95% homology thereto. The amount of fluorescence that is produced by the biological device can be correlated to the amount of DNA incorporated into the plant cells. The fluorescence produced by the device can be detected and quantified using techniques known in the art. For example, spectrofluorometers are typically used to measure fluorescence. The Examples provide exemplary procedures for measuring the amount of fluorescence as a result of the expression of DNA.

FIGS. 1A-1B provide non-limiting examples of DNA constructs described herein. In one aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase; (b) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (c) a gene that expresses HSP70; (d) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; and (e) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

FIGS. 2A-2B provide non-limiting examples of DNA constructs described herein. In one aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (e) a gene that expresses HSP70; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; and (g) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

FIGS. 3A and 3B provide a non-limiting example of a DNA construct described herein. In one aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase, (e) a gene that expresses HSP70, (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2, (g) a gene that expresses UGT76G1_(His155Leu), and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

FIGS. 4A and 4B provide a non-limiting example of a DNA construct described herein. In one aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase, (e) a gene that expresses HSP70, (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2, (g) a gene that expresses OGT, and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

FIGS. 5A and 5B provide a non-limiting example of a DNA construct described herein. In one aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase, (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase, (e) a gene that expresses OGT, (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranylpyrophosphate 2, (g) a gene that expresses UGT76G1_(His155Leu), and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase having SEQ ID NO. 1 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (d) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; and (e) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a GAL1 promoter; (b) a gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase; (c) a CYC1 terminator; (d) a GAL1 promoter; (e) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (f) a CYC1 terminator; (g) a GAL1 promoter; (h) a gene that expresses HSP70; (i) a CYC1 terminator; (j) a GAL1 promoter; (k) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; (l) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; (n) a CYC1 terminator.

In still another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a GAL1 promoter; (b) a gene that expresses 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase having SEQ ID NO. 1 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a CYC1 terminator; (d) a GAL1 promoter; (e) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (f) a CYC1 terminator; (g) a GAL1 promoter; (h) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (i) a CYC1 terminator; (j) a GAL1 promoter; (k) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (1) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto; (n) a CYC1 terminator.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (e) a gene that expresses HSP70; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; and (g) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; and (g) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a GAL1 promoter; (b) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; (c) a CYC1 terminator; (d) a GAL1 promoter; (e) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; (f) a CYC1 terminator; (g) a GAL1 promoter, (h) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; (i) a CYC1 terminator; (j) a GAL1 promoter; (k) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (1) a CYC1 terminator; (m) a GAL1 promoter; (n) a gene that expresses HSP70; (o) a CYC1 terminator; (p) a GAL1 promoter; (q) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; (r) a CYC1 terminator; (s) a GAL1 promoter; (t) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; and (u) a CYC1 terminator.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a GAL1 promoter; (b) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a CYC1 terminator; (d) a GAL1 promoter; (e) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (f) a CYC1 terminator; (g) a GAL1 promoter, (h) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (i) a CYC1 terminator; (j) a GAL1 promoter; (k) a gene that expresses having hexokinase SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (1) a CYC1 terminator; (m) a GAL1 promoter; (n) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (o) a CYC1 terminator; (p) a GAL1 promoter; (q) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (r) a CYC1 terminator; (s) a GAL1 promoter; (t) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto; and (u) a CYC1 terminator.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (g) a gene that expresses a UDP-glycosyltransferase having SEQ ID NO. 12 or at least 70% homology thereto; and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; (b) a CYC1 terminator; (c) a GAL1 promoter; (d) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; (e) a CYC1 terminator; (f) a GAL1 promoter, (g) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; (h) a CYC1 terminator; (i) a GAL1 promoter; (j) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (k) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses HSP70; (n) a CYC1 terminator; (o) a GAL1 promoter; (p) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; (q) a CYC1 terminator; (r) a GAL1 promoter; (s) a gene that expresses UGT76G1_(His155Leu), a CYC1 terminator, (u) a GAL1 promoter, and (v) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a CYC1 terminator; (c) a GAL1 promoter; (d) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a CYC1 terminator; (f) a GAL1 promoter, (g) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (h) a CYC1 terminator; (i) a GAL1 promoter; (j) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (k) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (n) a CYC1 terminator; (o) a GAL1 promoter; (p) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (q) a CYC1 terminator; (r) a GAL1 promoter; (s) a gene that expresses UGT76G1_(His155Leu) having SEQ ID NO. 12 or at least 70% homology thereto; (t) a CYC1 terminator, (u) a GAL1 promoter, and (v) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (g) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase having SEQ ID NO. 13 or at least 70% homology thereto; and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; (b) a CYC1 terminator; (c) a GAL1 promoter; (d) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; (e) a CYC1 terminator; (f) a GAL1 promoter, (g) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; (h) a CYC1 terminator; (i) a GAL1 promoter; (j) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (k) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses HSP70; (n) a CYC1 terminator; (o) a GAL1 promoter; (p) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; (q) a CYC1 terminator; (r) a GAL1 promoter; (s) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase; (t) a CYC1 terminator; (u) a GAL1 promoter; and (v) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a CYC1 terminator; (c) a GAL1 promoter; (d) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a CYC1 terminator; (f) a GAL1 promoter, (g) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (h) a CYC1 terminator; (i) a GAL1 promoter; (j) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (k) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO. 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (n) a CYC1 terminator; (o) a GAL1 promoter; (p) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (q) a CYC1 terminator; (r) a GAL1 promoter; (s) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase having SEQ ID NO. 13 or at least 70% homology thereto; (t) a CYC1 terminator; (u) a GAL1 promoter; and (v) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase having SEQ ID NO. 13 or at least 70% homology thereto; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (g) a gene that expresses UGT76G1_(His155Leu) having SEQ ID NO. 12 or at least 70% homology thereto; and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; (b) a CYC1 terminator; (c) a GAL1 promoter; (d) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; (e) a CYC1 terminator; (f) a GAL1 promoter, (g) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; (h) a CYC1 terminator; (i) a GAL1 promoter; (j) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (k) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase; (n) a CYC1 terminator; (o) a GAL1 promoter; (p) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; (q) a CYC1 terminator; (r) a GAL1 promoter; (s) a gene that expresses UGT76G1_(His155Leu) a CYC1 (t) terminator; (u) a GAL1 promoter; and (v) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.

In another aspect, the construct is a pYES2 plasmid having from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO. 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a CYC1 terminator; (c) a GAL1 promoter; (d) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO. 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a CYC1 terminator; (f) a GAL1 promoter, (g) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO. 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (h) a CYC1 terminator; (i) a GAL1 promoter; (j) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO. 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (k) a CYC1 terminator; (1) a GAL1 promoter; (m) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase having SEQ ID NO. 13 or at least 70% homology thereto; (n) a CYC1 terminator; (o) a GAL1 promoter; (p) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO. 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (q) a CYC1 terminator; (r) a GAL1 promoter; (s) a gene that expresses UGT76G1_(His155Leu) having SEQ ID NO. 12 or at least 70% homology thereto; (t) a CYC1 terminator; (u) a GAL1 promoter; and (v) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO. 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.

In one aspect, the DNA construct has SEQ ID NO. 10 (FIGS. 1A and 1B). In another aspect, the DNA construct has SEQ ID NO. 11 (FIGS. 2A and 2B). In yet another aspect, the DNA construct has SEQ ID NO. 14 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). In still another aspect, the DNA construct has SEQ ID NO. 15 (FIGS. 4A and 4B). In a further aspect, the DNA construct has SEQ ID NO. 16 (FIGS. 5A and 5B).

Exemplary methods for producing the DNA constructs described herein are provided in the Examples. Restriction enzymes and purification techniques known in the art can be used to assemble the DNA constructs. Backbone plasmids and synthetic inserts can be mixed together for ligation purposes at different ratios ranging from 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and up to 1:5. In one aspect, the ratio of backbone plasmid to synthetic insert is 1:4. After the vector comprising the DNA construct has been produced, the resulting vector can be incorporated into the host cells using the methods described below.

II. Biological Devices

In one aspect, a “biological device” is formed when a microbial cell is transfected with the DNA construct described herein. The biological devices are generally composed of microbial host cells, where the host cells are transformed with a DNA construct described herein.

In one aspect, the DNA construct is carried by the expression vector into the cell and is separate from the host cell's genome. In another aspect, the DNA construct is incorporated into the host cell's genome. In still another aspect, incorporation of the DNA construct into the host cell enables the host cell to produce steviol glycosides. “Heterologous” genes and proteins are genes and proteins that have been experimentally inserted into a cell that are not normally expressed by the cell. A heterologous gene may be cloned or derived from a different cell type or species than the recipient cell or organism. Heterologous genes may be introduced into cells by transduction or transformation.

An “isolated” nucleic acid is one that has been separated from other nucleic acid molecules and/or cellular material (peptides, proteins, lipids, saccharides, and the like) normally present in the natural source of the nucleic acid. An “isolated” nucleic acid may optionally be free of the flanking sequences found on either side of the nucleic acid as it naturally occurs. An isolated nucleic acid can be naturally occurring, can be chemically synthesized, or can be a cDNA molecule (i.e., is synthesized from an mRNA template using reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase enzymes).

“Transformation” or “transfection” as used herein refers to a process for introducing heterologous DNA into a host cell. Transformation can occur under natural conditions or may be induced using various methods known in the art. Many methods for transformation are known in the art and the skilled practitioner will know how to choose the best transformation method based on the type of cells being transformed. Methods for transformation include, for example, viral infection, electroporation, lipofection, chemical transformation, and particle bombardment. Cells may be stably transformed (i.e., the heterologous DNA is capable of replicating as an autonomous plasmid or as part of the host chromosome) or may be transiently transformed (i.e., the heterologous DNA is expressed only for a limited period of time).

“Competent cells” refers to microbial cells capable of taking up heterologous DNA. Competent cells can be purchased from a commercial source, or cells can be made competent using procedures known in the art. Exemplary procedures for producing competent cells are provided in the Examples.

The host cells as referred to herein include their progeny, which are any and all subsequent generations formed by cell division. It is understood that not all progeny may be identical due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. A host cell may be “transfected” or “transformed,” which refers to a process by which exogenous nucleic acid is transferred or introduced into the host cell.

A transformed cell includes the primary subject cell and its progeny. The host cells can be naturally-occurring cells or “recombinant” cells. Recombinant cells are distinguishable from naturally-occurring cells in that naturally-occurring cells do not contain heterologous DNA introduced through molecular cloning procedures. In one aspect, the host cell is a prokaryotic cell such as, for example, Escherichia coli. In other aspects, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell such as, for example, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Host cells transformed with the DNA construct described herein are referred to as “biological devices.”

The DNA construct is first delivered into the host cell. In one aspect, the host cells are naturally competent (i.e., able to take up exogenous DNA from the surrounding environment). In another aspect, cells must be treated to induce artificial competence. This delivery may be accomplished in vitro, using well-developed laboratory procedures for transforming cell lines. Transformation of bacterial cell lines can be achieved using a variety of techniques. One method involves calcium chloride. The exposure to the calcium ions renders the cells able to take up the DNA construct. Another method is electroporation. In this technique, a high-voltage electric field is applied briefly to cells, producing transient holes in the membranes of the cells through which the vector containing the DNA construct enters. Another method involves exposing intact yeast cells to alkali cations such as, for example, lithium. In one aspect, this method includes exposing yeast to lithium acetate, polyethylene glycol, and single-stranded DNA such as, for example, salmon sperm DNA. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the single-stranded DNA is thought to bind to the cell wall of the yeast, thereby blocking plasmids from binding. The plasmids are then free to enter the yeast cell. Enzymatic and/or electromagnetic techniques can also be used alone, or in combination with other methods, to transform microbial cells. Exemplary procedures for transforming yeast and bacteria with specific DNA constructs are provided in the Examples. In certain aspects, two or more types of DNA can be incorporated into the host cells. Thus, different metabolites can be produced from the same host cells at enhanced rates.

III. Preparation of Steviol Glycosides

The biological devices described herein are useful in the production of steviol glycosides. Once the DNA construct has been incorporated into the host cell, the cells are cultured such that the cells multiply. A satisfactory microbiological culture contains available sources of hydrogen donors and acceptors, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, inorganic salts, and, in certain cases, vitamins or other growth-promoting substances. For example, the addition of peptone provides a readily-available source of nitrogen and carbon. Furthermore, the use of different types of media results in different growth rates and different stationary phase densities; stationary phase is where secondary metabolite production occurs most frequently. A rich media results in a short doubling time and higher cell density at stationary phase. Minimal media results in slow growth and low final cell densities. Efficient agitation and aeration increase final cell densities.

In one aspect, host cells can be cultured or fermented by any method known in the art. The skilled practitioner will be able to select a culture medium based on the species and/or strain of host cell selected. In certain aspects, the culture medium will contain a carbon source. A variety of carbon sources are contemplated, including, but not limited to: monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose, disaccharides such as lactose or sucrose, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides such as starch, or mixtures thereof. In one aspect, the biological devices described herein are cultured with a medium composed of raffionose, galactose, or a combination thereof. Unpurified mixtures extracted from feedstocks are also contemplated and include molasses, barley malt, and related compounds and compositions. Other glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates are also contemplated as carbon sources, as are one-carbon substrates such as carbon dioxide and/or methanol in the cases of compatible organisms. The carbon source utilized is limited only by the particular organism being cultured.

Culturing or fermenting of host cells can be accomplished by any technique known in the art. In one aspect, batch fermentation can be conducted. In batch fermentation, the composition of the culture medium is set at the beginning and the system is closed to future alterations. In some aspects, a limited form of batch fermentation may be carried out, wherein factors such as oxygen concentration and pH are manipulated, but additional carbon is not added. Continuous fermentation methods are also contemplated. In continuous fermentation, equal amounts of a defined medium are continuously added to and removed from a bioreactor. In other aspects, microbial host cells are immobilized on a substrate. Fermentation may be carried out on any scale and may include methods in which literal “fermentation” is carried out as well as other culture methods that are non-fermentative.

In one aspect, the method involves growing the biological devices described herein for a sufficient time to produce steviol glycosides. The ordinary artisan will be able to choose a culture medium and optimum culture conditions based on the biological identity of the host cells.

In certain aspects, after culturing the biological device to produce the steviol glycoside, the host cells of the device can be lysed with one or more enzymes. For example, when the host cells are yeast, the yeast cells can be lysed with lyticase. In one aspect, the lyticase concentration can be 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 μL per liter of culture, where any value can be the lower and upper end-point of a range (e.g., 500 to 900 μL, 600 to 800 μL, etc.).

In addition to enzymes, other components can be used to facilitate lysis of the host cells. In one aspect, chitosan can be used in combination with an enzyme to lyse the host cells. Chitosan is generally composed of glucosamine units and N-acetylglucosamine units and can be chemically or enzymatically extracted from chitin, which is a component of arthropod exoskeletons and fungal and microbial cell walls. In certain aspects, the chitosan can be acetylated to a specific degree of acetylation in order to enhance tissue growth during culturing as well as metabolite production. In one aspect, the chitosan is from 60% to about 100%, 70% to 90%, 75% to 80%, or about 80% acetylated. The molecular weight of the chitosan can vary, as well. For example, the chitosan can comprise about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 glucosamine units and/or N-acetylglucosamine units. In another aspect, the chitosan includes 5 to 7 glucosamine units and/or N-acetylglucosamine units. In one aspect, chitosan can be added until a concentration of 0.0015, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, or 0.05 (where any value can be a lower and upper end-point of a range, e.g., 0.005 to 0.02, 0.0075 to 0.015, etc.) is achieved in the culture. Still further in this aspect, the chitosan is present at a concentration of 0.01%.

In a further aspect, the steviol glycoside can be collected, separated from the microbial cells (lysed or intact), and/or purified through any technique known in the art such as, for example, precipitation, centrifugation, filtration, and the like. In one aspect, the steviol glycoside can be purified via microfiltration to remove impurities. In one aspect, the microfilter has a pore size of 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, or 0.8 μm, where any value can be a lower and/or upper end-point of a range (e.g., 0.3 μm to 0.5 μm).

In another aspect, the steviol glycoside can be chemically-modified to produce additional desirable properties. Alternatively, compositions composed of the steviol glycosides with lysed and/or intact host cells (e.g., yeast) can be used herein, where it is not necessary to separate the host cells and other components from the steviol glycosides.

The steviol glycoside produced from the devices herein can be a mixture of two or more compounds. Examples of steviol glycosides produced herein include, but are not limited to, stevioside, steviol, rubusoside, steviol-13-O-glucoside, steviol-19-O-glucoside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, and dulcoside A. Individual compounds can be isolated and purified or, in the alternative, mixtures of tow or more compounds can be used.

The biological devices described herein in addition to producing steviol glycosides produce other sugars. In one aspect, the biological devices produced increased amounts of sucrose. Certain steviol glycosides possess a bitter taste. The biological devices described herein produce sucrose in a sufficient amount to mask the bitter taste of the steviol glycosides.

IV. Methods for Enhancing the Physiological Properties of Plants

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for producing one or more steviol glycosides from plant cells, where the method involves contacting the plant cells with the biological device disclosed herein.

The selection of the plant used in the methods described herein can vary depending on the application. For example, a specific plant can be selected that produces certain desirable metabolites. An example of one such metabolite is rebaudioside A, or rebA. RebA is 200 times sweeter than sugar and has numerous applications in the food industry (e.g., natural non-caloric sweeteners), pharmaceuticals (e.g., improving the flavor of medications), and dietary supplements. Current techniques for producing steviol glycosides are expensive. For example, large amounts of fresh plant biomass must be cultivated and harvested and expensive and time-consuming extraction methods must be used. The biological devices and methods described herein enhance the production of steviol glycosides from plants that naturally produce steviol glycosides. In one aspect, the plant can include, but is not limited to, Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia phlebophylla, or Rubus chingii.

In another aspect, other steviol glycosides in addition to rebA can have the same or similar food, pharmaceutical, and dietary supplement applications described above with respect to rebA.

In one aspect, plant cells when contacted with the biological devices described above exhibit enhanced production of rebA and/or other steviol glycosides. Recipient cell targets include, but are not limited to, meristem cells, Type I, Type II, and Type III callus, immature embryos and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm, and egg cells. It is contemplated that any cell from which a fertile plant may be regenerated is useful as a recipient cell. Type I, Type II, and Type III callus may be initiated from tissue sources including, but not limited to, immature embryos, immature inflorescences, seedling apical meristems, microspores, and the like. Those cells that are capable of proliferating as callus are also useful herein. Methods for growing plant cells are known in the art (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,919,679). Exemplary procedures for growing plant calluses are also provided in the Examples. In one aspect, plant calluses grown from 2 to 4 weeks can be used herein. The plant cells can also be derived from plants varying in age. For example, plants that are 80 days to 120 days old after pollination can be used to produce calluses useful herein.

The plant cells can be contacted with the biological device in a number of different ways. In one aspect, the device can be added to media containing the plant cells. In another aspect, the device can be injected into the plant cells via syringe. The amount of device and the duration of exposure to the device can vary as well. In one aspect, the concentration of the device is about 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, or 10⁹ cells/mL of water. In one aspect, when the host cell is a bacterium, the concentration of the device is 10⁶. In another aspect, when the host cell is yeast, the concentration of the device is 10⁹. Different volumes of the biological device can be used as well, ranging from 5 μL to 500 μL.

Once the plant cells have been in contact with the biological device for a sufficient time to produce the metabolite (e.g., rebA or another steviol glycoside), the metabolite is isolated. In one aspect, the metabolite is extracted from the media containing the biological device and the plant cells. The selection of the extraction solvent can vary depending upon the solubility of the metabolite.

With current techniques, the extraction of metabolites produced from plants usually requires high initial amounts of plant biomass or material, which in turn requires larger amounts of extraction solvents. The use of higher amounts of extraction solvents adds to the expense of metabolite production. The use of higher amounts of organic solvents presents environmental risks as well. However, the use of the biological devices described herein produces significantly higher amounts of metabolites such as rebA and other steviol glycosides, which means smaller amounts of biomass are required in order to produce and isolate the metabolites when compared with existing techniques. The extraction of plant metabolites using current techniques also requires fresh biomass, which entails agronomic practices, the use of chemicals, and time-consuming extraction methods. Therefore, the use of the biological devices described herein is more cost-effective and safer for the environment than traditional methods for producing and synthesizing steviol glycosides.

In certain aspects, any of the biological devices described above can be used in combination with a polysaccharide. In one aspect, the plant cells are first contacted with the biological device then subsequently contacted with the polysaccharide. In another aspect, the plant cells are first contacted with the polysaccharide then subsequently contacted with the biological device. In a further aspect, the plant cells are only contacted with a polysaccharide and not contacted with the biological device. In a still further aspect, the plant cells are contacted simultaneously with the polysaccharide and the biological device.

In one aspect, the polysaccharide includes chitosan, glucosamine (GlcN), N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), or any combination thereof. Chitosan is generally composed of GlcN and NAG units and can be chemically or enzymatically extracted from chitin, which is a component of arthropod exoskeletons and fungal and microbial cell walls. In certain aspects, the chitosan can be acetylated to a specific degree of acetylation in order to enhance tissue growth during culturing as well as metabolite production. In one aspect, the chitosan is from about 60% to about 100%, 70% to 90%, 75% to 85%, or about 80% acetylated. Exemplary procedures for producing and isolating the chitosan are provided in the Examples. In one aspect, chitosan isolated from shells of crab, shrimp, lobster, and/or krill is useful herein.

The molecular weight of the chitosan can vary, as well. For example, the chitosan comprises about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 GlcN and/or NAG units. In another aspect, the chitosan includes 5 to 7 GlcN and/or NAG units. In one aspect, the chitosan is in a solution of water and acetic acid at less than 1% by weight, less than 0.75% by weight, less than 0.5% by weight, less than 0.25% by weight, or less than 0.1% by weight. In another aspect, the amount of chitosan that is applied to the plant cells is from 0.1% to 0.01% by weight, from 0.075% to 0.025% by weight, or is about 0.05% by weight. The polysaccharides used herein are generally natural polymers and thus present no environmental concerns. Additionally, the polysaccharide can be used in acceptably low concentrations. In certain aspects, the polysaccharide can be used in combination with one or more growth regulators.

In one aspect, the plant growth regulator is an auxin, a cytokinin, a gibberellin, abscisic acid, or a polyamine. In a further aspect, the auxin is a natural or synthetic auxin. In a still further aspect, the auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), 2-phenylacetic acid (PAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthalene acetic acid (α-NAA), 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (torden or picloram), 2,4,5-trichloropicolinic acid (2,4,5-T), or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the cytokinin is zeatin, kinetin, 6-benzylaminopurine, diphenylurea, thidizuron (TDZ), 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)purine, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the gibberellins is gibberellins A1 (GA1), gibberellic acid (GA3), ent-gibberellane, ent-kaurene, or a combination thereof. In yet another aspect, the polyamine is putrescine, spermidine, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, the plant cell or callus is first contacted with a polysaccharide and subsequently contacted with a plant growth regulator. In another aspect, the plant cell or callus is first contacted with a plant growth regulator and subsequently contacted with a polysaccharide. In an alternative aspect, the plant cell or callus is simultaneously contacted with a polysaccharide and a plant growth regulator. In a further aspect, the plant cell or callus is only contacted with a polysaccharide and is not contacted with a plant growth regulator.

The plant cells can be contacted with the polysaccharide using a number of techniques. In one aspect, the plant cells or reproductive organs (e.g., a plant embryo) can be cultured in agar and medium with a solution of the polysaccharide. In other aspects, the polysaccharide can be applied to a plant callus by techniques such as, for example, coating the callus or injecting the polysaccharide into the callus. In this aspect, the age of the callus can vary depending on the type of plant. The amount of polysaccharide can vary depending upon, among other things, the selection and number of plant cells. The use of the polysaccharide in the methods described herein permits rapid tissue culturing at room temperature. Due to the ability of the polysaccharide to prevent microbial contamination, the tissue culture can grow for extended periods of time ranging from days to several weeks. Moreover, tissue culturing with the polysaccharide can occur in the dark and/or light. As discussed above, the plant cells can optionally be contacted with any of the biological devices described above. Thus, the use of the polysaccharides and biological devices described herein is a versatile way to culture and grow plant cells—and, ultimately, plants of interest—with enhanced physiological properties.

In other aspects, the plant cells can be cultured in a liquid medium on a larger scale in a bioreactor. For example, plant cells can be cultured in agar and medium, then subsequently contacted with (e.g., injected) a biological device described herein. After a sufficient culturing time (e.g., two to four weeks), the plant cells are introduced into a container with the same medium used above and, additionally, the polysaccharide. In certain aspects, the polysaccharide can be introduced with anionic polysaccharides including, but not limited to, alginates (e.g., sodium, calcium, potassium, etc.). After the introduction of the polysaccharide, the solution is mixed for a sufficient time to produce a desired result (e.g., production of a desired metabolite).

In one aspect, provided herein is a plant grown by the process consisting of contacting plant gamete cells or a plant reproductive organ with the biological devices disclosed herein. In a further aspect, the plant is produced by the following method:

-   -   (a) contacting a plant callus with the biological device;     -   (b) culturing the plant callus; and     -   (c) growing the plant from the plant callus.

In one aspect, the plant is Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia phlebophylla, or Rubus chingii. In a further aspect, the method of growing the plant described above includes an additional step (d), wherein the plant callus is cultured with chitosan.

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for producing one or more steviol glycosides from plant cells, the method including the steps of:

-   -   (a) contacting a plant callus of Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia         phlebophylla, or Rubus chingii with a biological device         described herein;     -   (b) culturing the plant callus; and     -   (c) removing the steviol glycoside from the plant callus.

In an alternative aspect, provided herein is a method for producing one or more steviol glycosides from leaves, the method including the steps of:

-   -   (a) contacting a plant callus of Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia         phlebophylla, or Rubus chingii with a biological device         described herein;     -   (b) culturing the plant callus;     -   (c) growing a plant from the plant callus, where the plant grows         one or more leaves; and     -   (d) removing the steviol glycoside from the leaves.

In a further aspect, the same method can be applied to other plant parts including fruits, stems, roots, tubers, corms, bulbs, flowers, buds, seeds, and the like. In a still further aspect, the same method can be applied to an entire plant.

In one aspect, the plant callus is immersed in a solution of polysaccharide (e.g., chitosan) then inoculated with the device. In one aspect, the plant callus is that of Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia phlebophylla, or Rubus chingii. The plant callus can be from 2 days up to 20 days old prior to inoculation with the device. The plant callus is then allowed to grow until it is of sufficient weight and size. In one aspect, the plant callus is allowed to grow (i.e., culture) for 1 to 10 weeks after inoculation. The next step involves removal of the rebA or other steviol glycoside from the callus.

In another aspect, a plant callus described above can be planted and allowed to grow and mature into a plant bearing fruit and leaves. In one aspect, rebA or another steviol glycoside can be isolated from a plant that has been grown from a plant callus inoculated with a device described herein and optionally contacted with a polysaccharide (e.g., chitosan). In one aspect, the steviol glycoside can be removed from the leaves of a plant grown with the devices described herein. In one aspect, the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana grown from calluses inoculated with the devices described herein provide a rich source of rebA.

The ordinarily-skilled artisan will be able to use established procedures for culturing and providing nutrients to the calluses. In one aspect, calluses ranging in age from one to four weeks, or about 7, 14, 15, 20, 21, 25, or 28 days can be used in the procedures described herein. Further in this aspect, calluses can be inoculated with biological devices and, optionally, chitosan at the start of steviol glycoside production. In one aspect, 15-day-old calluses (e.g., 15 days post-inoculation) are used. In a further aspect, the calluses can be placed under an artificial light source in a chamber where conditions such as temperature and humidity are controlled. At various points during callus culture, calluses can be transferred to trays with fresh nutrients or can be directly sprayed with fresh nutrients.

In one aspect, calluses can be grown in trays for a period of time ranging from 1 to 6 months, or can be grown for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 months. In one aspect, the calluses are grown for 3 months. Further in this aspect, the calluses have generally sprouted small plants after 3 months of growth.

Several procedures have been established for extraction of hydrophobic compounds such as steviol glycosides from calluses, or the following procedures can be used. In one aspect, callus samples are lyophilized and weighed. Further in this aspect, the samples are placed in ethyl acetate at a ratio of from 1:50 to 1:200 of callus:ethyl acetate (w:v) and macerated. In one aspect, the ratio is 1:100. In a further aspect, callus samples that have been homogenized can be sealed and placed in a water bath with shaking.

Alternatively, steviol glycosides can be extracted from leaves. In a further aspect, the procedure for extracting steviol glycosides from leaves is the same for extracting from calluses, with the exception of the leaf:solvent ratio, which can be from 1:1 to 1:20. In one aspect, the leaf:ethyl acetate ratio is 1:10.

In a further aspect, any solvent in which rebA or the desired steviol glycoside is soluble in can be used in place of a portion or all of the ethyl acetate in the procedure described above. In a further aspect, the solvent can be hexane, methanol, acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethanol, diethyl ether, DMSO, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, n-butane, heptanes, acetonitrile, THF, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, steviol glycosides such as, for example, rebA, stevioside, and other steviol glycosides produced by the devices and methods described above can be quantified and/or purified using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Exemplary methods for quantifying steviol glycosides are provided in the examples.

V. Food Products

The extracts composed of steviol glycosides produced herein can be used to make food products, dietary supplements and sweetener compositions. For example, the steviol glycoside can be included in food products such as ice cream, beverages, (e.g., carbonated fruit juices, energy drinks), yogurts, baked goods, chewing gums, hard and soft candies, sauces, and tabletop sweeteners. The extracts can also be included in non-food products such as pharmaceutical products, medicinal products, dietary supplements and nutritional supplements. The extracts can also be included in animal feed products for both the agriculture industry and the companion animal industry.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, and methods described and claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperatures, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Numerous variations and combinations of reaction conditions, e.g., component concentrations, desired solvents, solvent mixtures, temperatures, pressures, and other reaction ranges and conditions can be used to optimize the produce purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such processes and conditions.

Example 1: Preparation of DNA Construct

The DNA construct was composed of genetic components described herein and assembled in plasmid vectors (e.g., pYES2 and pBSK). Sequences of genes and/or proteins with desired properties were identified in GenBank; these included a DXP synthase gene, a beta-carotene hydroxylase gene, and a lycopene epsilon-cyclase gene. Other genetic parts were also obtained for inclusion in the DNA constructs including, for example, promoter genes (e.g., GAL1 promoter), reporter genes (e.g., yellow fluorescent reporter protein), and terminator sequences (e.g., CYC1 terminator). These genetic parts included restriction sites for ease of insertion into plasmid vectors.

The cloning of the DNA construct into the biological devices was performed as follows. Sequences of individual genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primers that incorporated restriction sites at their 5′ ends to facilitate construction of the full sequence to be inserted into the plasmid. Genes were then ligated using standard protocols to form an insert. The plasmid was then digested with restriction enzymes according to directions and using reagents provided by the enzyme's supplier (Promega). The complete insert, containing restriction sites on each end, was then ligated into the plasmid. Successful construction of the insert and ligation of the insert into the plasmid were confirmed by gel electrophoresis.

PCR was used to enhance DNA concentration using a Mastercycler Personal 5332 ThermoCycler (Eppendorf North America) with specific sequence primers and the standard method for amplification (Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) ed., Vol. 1, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Digestion and ligation were used to ensure assembly of DNA synthesized parts using restriction enzymes and reagents (PCR master mix of restriction enzymes: XhoI, KpnI, XbaI, EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII, with alkaline phosphatase and quick ligation kit, all from Promega). DNA was quantified using a NanoVue spectrophotometer (GE Life Sciences) and a standard UV/Visible spectrophotometer using the ratio of absorbances at 260 nm versus 280 nm. In order to verify final ligations, DNA was visualized and purified via electrophoresis using a Thermo EC-150 power supply.

The DNA construct was made with gene parts fundamental for expression of sequences such as, for example, ribosomal binding sites, native and constitutive promoters, reporter genes, and transcriptional terminators or stops. Backbone plasmids and synthetic inserts can be mixed together for ligation purposes at different ratios ranging from 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and up to 1:5. In one aspect, the ratio of backbone plasmid to synthetic insert is 1:4. The DNA constructs in FIGS. 1 and 2 were assembled using the techniques above.

After the vector comprising the DNA construct has been produced, the resulting vector can be incorporated into the host cells using the methods known in the art (e.g., Gietz, R. D. and R. H. Schiestl, 2007, Nature Protocols, “Quick and easy yeast transformation using the LiAc/SS carrier DNA/PEG method,” Vol. 2, 35-37, doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.14).

Example 2: Quantification of Steviol Glycosides in Extracts by HPLC

The steviol glycosides rebaudioside A (rebA) and stevioside produced by yeast transformed independently with SEQ ID NOs. 15 and 16 using the procedure in Example 1 were quantified using HPLC. Chromatographic separations were carried out on a Thermo Scientific Dionex Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system, using a Thermo Scientific variable wavelength detector. Results were analyzed using Chromeleon™ 7 software.

HPLC method parameters are provided in Table 11. The method was run 10 minutes for calibration curve samples and 15 minutes for experimental samples.

TABLE 11 HPLC Method Parameters Column ODS Hypersil 100 × 4.6 mm, C18 Reverse Phase, Particle Size 5 μm Mobile phase Isocratic, 68:32 Phosphate buffer (10 mM):ACN, pH 2.9 Flow rate 1 mL/min Column temperature 40° C. Detection wavelength 210 nm Injection volume 5 μL

All solvents and diluents were HPLC grade and all standard dilutions were made using 70:30 10 mM phosphate buffer:ACN. Rebaudioside A standards were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and stevioside hydrate standards were obtained from Adipo Gen Life Sciences. Stock solutions of 1000 ppm standards were prepared and used to make serial dilutions, as shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Stock Solution Preparation Real Mass Concentration (mg) Purity Volume (ppm) Rebaudioside 26.3 96% 25 mL 1009.92 A Stevioside 10.4 98% 10 mL 1019.2

Standard samples of rebA and stevioside were run separately and together in order to determine the order of elution. Areas of chromatogram peaks were determined by software provided by the HPLC manufacturer and used to construct calibration curves. Repeated injections revealed low standard deviations and low variation coefficients. Calibration curves for rebA and stevioside are shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, respectively. Sample chromatograms for calibration curve samples are shown in FIG. 7, with rebA peaks at 2.410 and stevioside peaks at 2.527 minutes, respectively. Retention times were consistent over a wide range of concentrations (e.g., 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm).

Following the development of calibration curves, steviol glycosides were produced and extracted as follows. Yeast transformed independently with SEQ ID NOs. 15 and 16 according to the protocols described above were incubated, separately, in yeast malt medium with 2% raffinose and induction with galactose at 30° C. for 72 hours. Samples were centrifuged at 9,000 rpm for 15 min to produce a pellet. The pellet was resuspended at 1 g/50 mL in sterile deionized water and sonicated 3 times for a total of 2 min, 30 s. Samples were again centrifuged at 9,000 rpm for 15 min and the supernatant was filtered with a 0.45 μm filter. RebA and stevioside were then quantified using HPLC and the calibration curves described above.

HPLC samples were prepared using 1 mL of extracts prepared as described above, brought to a final volume of 5 mL with 70:30 10 mM phosphate buffer:ACN. Samples were analyzed in duplicant. A small shift in retention times for rebA and stevioside was observed in experimental samples as compared to standard samples, with rebA having a peak at 2.514 min and stevioside having a peak at 2.667 min.

Chromatograms of experimental samples extracted from devices having SEQ ID NO. 15 and SEQ ID NO. 16 are shown in FIG. 8 (top and bottom chromatograms, respectively). FIGS. 9A and 9B show 1000 ppm standards in their top chromatograms and close views of experimental samples for SEQ ID NO. 15 and SEQ ID NO. 16, respectively, in their bottom chromatograms. Concentrations were determined using the calibration curves of FIGS. 6A and 6B, with the extracts from the device having SEQ ID NO. 15 containing 15.01 mg rebA/L sample and 22.00 mg/stevioside/L sample and the device having SEQ ID NO. 16 containing 18.76 mg rebA/L sample and 25.06 mg stevioside/L sample.

Extracts from the device having SEQ ID NO. 16 showed a higher ratio of rebA to stevioside, indicating a sweeter flavor, since stevioside is responsible for the bitter taste associated with stevia-based sweeteners.

Example 3: Production of Sucrose

Growth of Device

DNA stevia yeast device (FIGS. 4A and 4B) and non-transformed yeast (Saccharomyces cerviceae) were independently grown at 30° C. at 150 RPM for 10 days. The cultures were treated with 2% raffinose, 1% galactose, and 1% glucosamine, to facilitate the induction of stevia production. The growth of the cultures was determined by standard optical density using an UV-VIS Spectrophotometer Model Lambda 365 (PerkinElmer CT, USA) measured as different times.

Extraction of Steviol Glycosides from DNA Device

Extraction of steviol glycosides was achieved by adding lyticase to the culture for 4 hours and then centrifuging the culture at 10,000 RPM for 10 minutes to produce a pellet (6.1 g). The pellet was resuspended in distilled deionized water and sonicated with 4 pulses of 30 seconds each. Sonication was repeated. The solution was then centrifuged again, and the supernatant was filtrated with different pore sizes (i.e. 3, 2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 μm), with 0.45 μm the preferred size.

Concentration of Steviol Glycosides

The concentration of steviol glycosides produced by the device was determined using the standard curves based on rebaudioside A or stevioside. Different dilutions solutions (i.e. 6-7) were used and measured using an UV-VIS Spectrophotometer Model Lambda 365 (PerkinElmer CT, USA) set at 203 nm and 210 nm wavelengths. Standard curves based on stevioside and rebaudioside A were used as a reference to determine the concentration of the steviol glycosides present in the extract produced from the device.

The concentration measurement was performed after 10 days growth of the device culture (see above). The steviol glycoside concentration based on stevioside and rebaudioside A was 100 mg/ml and 89 mg/ml, respectively.

Sweetness Determination

The sugar concentration produced by the cultures of yeast transformed with the construct in FIGS. 4A and 4B and non-transformed yeast was also monitored using a refractometer (VEE GEE Scientific USA/Canada), which measures the refractive index of a solution in a sample, converts it to sugar concentration in units of percent by weight (% Brix), and displays the results. A liquid has one-degree Brix (1% Brix) if it has the same refractive index as a solution of 1 g sucrose in 100 g of sucrose water solution. Aliquots of three-four drops were taken from the device culture and from the non-transformed control culture and placed on the refractometer in order to determine the sweetness of each sample. Three replicates were used at each sampling time. Results are provided in Tables 13 and 14.

TABLE 13 Growth and percentage of sweetness at different times by non-transformed yeast (Saccharomyces cerviceae) Non-transformed Yeast Time (hrs) OD Growth % Sweetness 0 0.002 2.2 19 0.980 3.1 26 1.032 3.2 43 1.392 3.5 50 1.392 3.7 67 1.360 3.7 74 1.341 3.6 98 1.378 3.5 145 1.402 3.6 169 1.648 3.6 192 1.640 3.4 215 1.620 3.4

TABLE 14 Growth and percentage of sweetness at different times by the stevia device (Saccharomyces cerviceae) Stevia Device Time (hrs) OD Growth % Sweetness 0 0.003 2.2 7 0.028 2.2 22 1.9755 2.7 48 2.151 3.3 50 2.0835 3.9 70 2.078 4.3 94 2.07 4.3 168 2.064 4.5 192 1.91 4.5

Based on the results above, the stevia device produced more sucrose compared to yeast not transformed with the construct based on the increased % sweetness results. Moreover, the yeast transformed with the construct grew quicker and produced a higher population of cells compared to the non-transformed yeast.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein.

Various modifications and variations can be made to the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein. Other aspects of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein will be apparent from consideration of the specification and practice of the compounds, compositions, and methods disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary. 

What is claimed:
 1. A DNA construct comprising the following genetic components; a gene that expresses hexokinase; b. a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; c. a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; d. a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; e. a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; f. a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; and g. a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase.
 2. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the gene that expresses hexokinase has SEQ ID NO: 2 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 3. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 is SEQ ID NO: 4 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 4. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase is SEQ ID NO: 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 5. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase is SEQ ID NO: 6 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 6. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase is SEQ ID NO: 7 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 7. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase is SEQ ID NO: 8 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 8. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the DNA construct further comprises a gene that expresses a heat shock protein.
 9. The DNA construct of claim 8, wherein the gene that expresses a heat shock protein expresses HSP70.
 10. The DNA construct of claim 9, wherein the gene that expresses HSP70 is SEQ ID NO: 3 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 11. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase is SEQ ID NO: 13 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 12. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the construct comprises from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order; (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase; (e) a gene that expresses HSP70; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2; (g) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase; and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase.
 13. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the construct comprises from 5′ to 3′ the following genetic components in the following order: (a) a gene that expresses mevalonate-5-kinase having SEQ ID NO: 6 or at least 70% homology thereto; (b) a gene that expresses isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase having SEQ ID NO: 7 or at least 70% homology thereto; (c) a gene that expresses mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase having SEQ ID NO: 8 or at least 70% homology thereto; (d) a gene that expresses hexokinase having SEQ ID NO: 2 or at least 70% homology thereto; (e) a gene that expresses HSP70 having SEQ ID NO: 3 or at least 70% homology thereto; (f) a gene that expresses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 having SEQ ID NO: 4 or at least 70% homology thereto; (g) a gene that expresses an O-linked acetylglucosamine transferase having SEQ ID NO: 13 or at least 70% homology thereto; and (h) a gene that expresses 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase having SEQ ID NO: 5 or at least 70% homology thereto.
 14. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the DNA construct has SEQ ID NO:
 15. 15. A vector comprising the DNA construct of claim
 1. 16. The vector of claim 15, wherein the vector is a plasmid.
 17. The vector of claim 16, wherein the plasmid is pWLneo, pSV2cat, pOG44, pXT1, pSG, pSVK3, pBSK, pBSKII, pYES, pYES2, pUC, or pUC19.
 18. A biological device comprising host cells transformed witty the DNA construct of claim
 1. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the host cells comprise yeast, fungi or bacteria.
 20. A method for producing one or more steviol glycosides comprising growing the biological device of claim 18 for a time sufficient to produce the steviol glycoside.
 21. A method for producing one or more steviol glycosides from plant cells, the method comprising contacting the plant cells with the biological device claim
 18. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the plant cells comprise meristem cells, callus cells, immature embryos, gametic cells, or any combination thereof.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the plant cells are derived from Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia phlebophylla, or Rubus chingii.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the plant cells are further contacted with a polysaccharide chitosan, wherein the chitosan is from 60% to 100% acetylated.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the chitosan comprises from 3 to 20 glucosamine units and/or N-acetylglucosamine units. 